And disco and every other offshoot and derivative therein. Argue with my mom, who was there and could tell you. Black queer and trans people were forced to build space, shelter and sanctuary in the dancerie so we could all be free…follow us and Deborah Conton (@deeeebo_x)as she leads us through cultural memory, history, place and legacy. Part 2 coming soon!! Deborah Conton is an Atlanta native and Brooklyn resident actively involved in the club scene in Atlanta with many nights spent on the dancefloor, listening to Club Classics and House Music. She continues to create movement-based work for the Liberation of Black bodies. Her work led her to stage solo pieces for Movement Research (Judson Church), Performance Mix Festival, That's What She Said!, Sisterhood Summit, and the Center for Performance Research in Brooklyn via dance residency in 2020. She has also performed at Joe’s Pub and SummerStage, under the guidance of The Illustrious Blacks. She is part of a Brooklyn-based dance collective known as Afro Mosaic Soul. This collective threw events with Ian Friday and The Illustrious Blacks, known as Libation in New York City. She is also a part of the Dancing Black Bodies Project via Ladies of Hip Hop, which sheds light on Black Women in the club, Hip Hop, and other Black Social Dance movements. House Music was the catalyst that led her deeper into her spiritual practice. She is also a practitioner of Isese Lagba, a tradition based out of Nigeria and also an Ifà practitioner. This work has led her to do collective work under the moniker of Dee Spark Tarot and create an Oracle deck that expands outside of divination work and mentorship. She is also in the process of launching a Tarot Deck this upcoming Spring 2023. Venmo: @ deborah-conton PayPal and Zelle: Deborah.Conton@gmail.com">Deborah.Conton@gmail.com Cashapp: @deesparktarot1 @deeeebo_x @deesparktarot - Divination and Spiritual work @afromosaicsoul - Dance collective I am a part of https://we.tl/t-hL0QKDgrUt - footage from House In The Park Atlanta, Labor Day 2021 https://we.tl/t-QNVduDIITn - Praise dancing at Adult Skate, MJQ https://we.tl/t-hhitJQn2XC - Ash Lauryn spinning at Public Records https://we.tl/t-A0o0azE3iq - (First photo: Club Shelter party with Chicago DJ, Ron Trent spinning, 3rd photo from the Frankie Knuckles exhibit in 2021, Kerri Chandler and Merlin Bobb - nightlife legends, and a 2nd photo from House In The Park, Atlanta). White Racist Backlash Against Black Music During Disco Era: https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jul/19/disco-demolition-the-night-they-tried-to-crush-black-music Intro Music: BPTBH by Patience sings Outro Music : Apathy Happy by Benjamin Earl Turner

Or alt title: Stealing Negros Spiritual Experiences. And I don't know how many times we have to say this. Even the existence of such a thing as "American" music is dubious. Black people created all genres of music in the US and despite the global influence and unabashed imitation of our Black American cultural art forms, we've profited the least from their reach and much propaganda persists: Black music is NOT the "soundtrack to America" nor did it arise from a blend of styles from a "multi-ethnic" population and when you say every genre has "Black roots", that's just an unnecessarily genteel way of saying that we created all genres of music in this country. Join us and the inimitable @patiencesings as we talk negro spirituals, the afropessimisms of prayer warriors and the merits of Black music made for and by Black people. Patience Sings is a vocal prominent creative certified Reiki practitioner and writer native to Washington, D.C; Ever learning Afro-futurist, an advocate for fat Black folx, a champion for Black and Brown Youth and a proponent for Black mental health and healing through grief. Patience is most recently recognized as the "Scat" of the Peace & Bodyroll Duo BOOMscat, and CEO of Mojuba, a rental space and artist collective in Silver Spring MD. Patience is currently most proud of her collaborative work as an inaugural Cultural Work fellow at the Highlander Center for Education and Research, and for BOOMscat’s contribution to The Black Sound Lab at Dartmouth College and their Black Covid Care project. Support their work: Venmo: @patiencesings Cashapp: $patiencestaysinging Paypal: PayPal.me/Patiencesings https://www.peerspace.com/pages/listings/6323998c616b05000fda8301?utm_medium=ios&_branch_match_id=647184576935628039&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXL0hNLSouSExO1UssKNDLyczL1ncvSHGNNAn2Ta5IAgA4Gn4%2FJgAAAA%3D%3D Intro Music: "Black People Tell Black History" by Patience! Outro Music: "Apathy Happy" by Benjamin Earl Turner References: Helen Baylor Kurt Carr Richard Smallwood Maurette Brown Clark I'll Fly Away by Hezekiah Walker Goin Up Yonder by Walter Hawkins

Day 3: Black People Tell Black History feat Liz Thompson. 69 Years after Brown v Board of Education and 59 years after 464,000 Black NYC public school students and teachers staged one of the largest protests in US history, led by Reverend Milton Galamison on Freedom Day, we are still questioning whether or not the US education system is still as racist and inequitable as ever (it is). Elizabeth (she/her) is a queer Creole-Ghanaian writer and educational equity researcher based in Washington, D.C. With over a decade of experience in student affairs, alumni relations, & development, Elizabeth’s background centers on engaging alumni from marginalized populations and the socio-historical impact of U.S. public school desegregation on Black students and educators. Elizabeth earned her B.A. and M.A. in English Literature from Hood College and George Washington University, respectively. She is a member of Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society and an alumna of the Public Leadership Education Network, a national, nonpartisan organization that prepares college women and marginalized gender groups for leadership in the public policy arena. Elizabeth currently serves as editor of Politics and Advocacy at @mixedmag, an online multimedia magazine dedicated to promoting creatives of color and celebrating multiethnic & multicultural voices. Venmo - @baaba-mensima CashApp- $lizthom86 Intro Music: "Black People Tell Black History" by Patience Sings Outro Music: "Apathy Happy" by Benjamin Earl Turner

Day 2: Black People Tell Black History featuring the number one cheek-clapper-in-residence---activist, researcher and scholar Saifa Wall (@saifaemerges on IG) who is making Black history by highlighting the contributions, age old existence and movement building of Black intersex folks across the globe. Sean Saifa Wall (he/him/his) is a Black queer intersex activist and rising scholar. He is a Marie Skłowdoska-Curie fellow at the University of Huddersfield in England examining the erasure of intersex people from social policy in Ireland and England (intersexnew.co.uk). Saifa is also committed to racial equity and a radical vision of bodily autonomy for intersex folks. As co-founder of the Intersex Justice Project (intersexjusticeproject.org), a grassroots initiative by intersex people of color, he is determined to end harmful and invasive genital surgery on intersex children and advocate for affirming healthcare for all people with intersex variations. In addition to his activism, he is a trained somatic awareness practitioner and loving dad to his dog, Justice. Paypal: @seansaifa Venmo: @seansaifa-wall Cashapp: $saifaemerges Resources: https://www.instagram.com/reel/CkLSDctNN8Z/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link https://twitter.com/SeanSaifaWall/status/1564294344772919302?s=20&t=VjIpM9E5aXjkaIEMSU3nwg (Here is the article that accompanies this tweet: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-medicines-fixation-on-the-sex-binary-harms-intersex-people1/) https://www.instagram.com/tv/CVftA6uA6tO/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link https://www.instagram.com/tv/COLDuuTgb3b/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link Intro Music: "Black People Tell Black History" by Patience Sings Outro Music: "Apathy Happy" by Benjamin Earl Turner

Day 1: Black People Tell Black History with J Mase III (@jmaseiii) In the beginning there was the Word and the Word was with God but it was also likely Black and it certainly wasn't just cisgender and straight. I'm sleep tho, in Jesus Name. J Mase III is a Black/Trans/queer poet & educator based in Seattle by way of Philly. As an educator, Mase has worked with community members in the US, UK, and Canada on the needs of LGBTQIA+ folks and racial justice in spaces such as K-12 schools, universities, faith communities and restricted care facilities. He is founder of awQward, the first trans and queer people of color talent agency. J Mase is author of And Then I Got Fired: One Transqueer’s Reflections on Grief, Unemployment & Inappropriate Jokes About Death as well as White Folks Be Trippin’: An Ethnography Through Poetry & Prose. He is head writer for the theatrical production Black Bois. He is co-director of the forthcoming documentary, the Black Trans Prayer Book and is finishing his latest solo work, Is Your God a Violent God? Finding a Theology for Survivors. This year he will be leading a series of workshops on Reparations Frameworks, called "All That DEI & Still No Reparations?" Find out more on IG & TikTok @jmaseiii and sign up for the mailing list on his site: www.jmaseiii.com How to support his work: My Cashapp is: $jmaseiii Venmo is : @JMase-Mase Intro music: "Black People Tell Black History" by Patience Sings Outro: Apathy Happy by Benjamin Earl Turner Excerpt: Reverend Valerie Spencer at the 2010 TransFaith Summit, courtesy of Diamond Stylz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmqg_jxzCOA

BIPOC, POC, NBPOC and other acronyms for Others...what are their origins and how do they inform a desire for and distance from Blackness across nation-states? Is the term POC a relic from slavery legislation in the US or a useful modifier that can unify the "global majority"? Leading up to Transgender Awareness Week we get deep into it all and mo' with our love and special guest, afroindígena poet, award winning author and artist Alan Pelaez (They/Them)! Support for this episode can go directly to Alan: Venmo--@migrantscribble Recommended Reading: https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/30/295931070/the-journey-from-colored-to-minorities-to-people-of-color https://thegrio.com/2021/05/01/black-freedmen-tribal-struggle/ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714413.2021.1968235?scroll=top&needAccess=true#b0001 All things Alan: https://linktr.ee/MigrantScribble

A longie but goodie just in time for the fall of US imperialist projects in Afghanistan...and autumn. TLDR: It’s giving very much hating on the not rich who did not understand the assignment of shutting the fuck up and running politicians their propers for re-election. A tax on vibes. If "Taliban" means "student" in Pashto--the US is the teacher. Have you ever asked yourself why tax reform is such a contentious issue and has been for decades? Have you ever stopped to think that politicking, grandstanding and "fashion diplomacy" is part of moderate, centrist Democrats' pandering to a more leftist, "progressive" voter base but without alienating their prioritized white voter base too much (think Nancy Pelosi kneeling in the kente cloth sash in 2020)? There's a slavery era explanation for that: The tobacco rice and indigo that our ancestors grew and produced were considered in Alexander Hamilton’s own words “which must be capital objects in treaties of commerce w foreign nations” and precipitated the events that led to this country’s independence in 1776 following the Revolutionary War. His more famous quote, though, "no taxation without representation" portends a more glaring contradiction: imagine being mad you have to pay taxes to enrich the British whose royal companies, militaries, fleets and slavers sold and transported the Indigenous Africans you enslaved and calling TAXATION slavery while actually enslaving people? Tax the rich is again policy sloganeering and is a liberal democratic/partisan rallying cry that can’t happen in good faith in an oligarchy that siphons all its resources to an already massive defense budget. Just earmark our reparations, will ya? Maybe the majority of folks who at least have some semblance of a revolutionary or radical politic aren't hating on rich people or Met Gala attendees or AOC herself, but instead recognizing that she and other politicians across the spectrum are sworn to serve a country that used the international slave trade between Britain and Spain to generate revenue to build a domestic manufacturing infrastructure to keep taxes lowered for their most invaluable taxable import--Black people and whose Central Intelligence Agency created the Taliban to wrest power from the USSR's puppet pro-soviet government during the Soviet Afghan War in 1979-1989 as part of plan to distort the public's view of the barbaric, warmongering, misogynist primitive backward United States to continue competing for oil and other natural resources in Central Asia, including the global heroin trade to finance the invasion of other countries, arm the genocide of their number one ally in the region (the Israeli Government. See Kamala Harris's comments on Israel)while pretending to care about "women's right's" and immigration while whipping Haitian immigrants at the border. That said, shirking accountability for their complicities in systems of oppression to remain elected isn't above any of their paygrades--even the politicians you like! Eyes On Haiti Oligarchy: https://haitiantimes.com/2021/07/16/haitians-can-no-longer-hide-behind-the-caste-system-killing-our-country/ US mass deportations of Haitian Immigrants: https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/elviadiaz/2021/09/20/border-patrol-using-whips-del-rio-round-up-haitian-immigrants/5789596001/ Recommended Reading: https://blackallianceforpeace.com/newsletter/afghanistannograveyard?fbclid=IwAR20EeWyNUk4MpwUubcXZ53usiqemg3Rl6u4ZkeSioLAO14DiY5A2E4KrRA https://blackallianceforpeace.com/afghanistan Tariq Ali: https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/debacle-in-afghanistan http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/ArtWeb/4AF487C90CA14FB985256E000057B5EB?OpenDocument Global Heroin Trade Links to US presence in Afghanistan: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jan/09/how-the-heroin-trade-explains-the-us-uk-failure-in-afghanistan https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/84028515/FULL_TEXT.PDF AOC: https://www.dsausa.org/democratic-left/aoc/

This episode is dedicated to the memory and power of the victims of white domestic terrorism in Atlanta, the survivors and their families as well as the victims and survivors of all forms of sinophobic, anti-immigrant, anti-sex work and anti-Asian xenophobia/ US imperialist violence against Asian bodies happening all around the globe. If you would like to join us in a moment of silence, fast forward to the 1:54:28. This episode is also dedicated to Stacey Park Milbern, one of the creators of the disability justice movement. We also dedicate this episode to the Seattle Massage Parlor Outreach Project (MPOP). The transcript at 1:55:00 is from a livestream of a community vigil held in the victims' honor and in solidarity with Black and Indigenous sovereignty. Cash App: $mpopsea, Venmo: MPOP_SEA Recommended Reading: -Resisting State Violence by Dr. Joy James (Ericka reads an excerpt from that book in this episode) -Black Marxism by Cedric J. Robinson -Some Reasons For Chinese Exclusion: Meat v Rice, American Manhood Against Asiatic Coolieism (Author Unknown) -Essay on Japanese American Beauty Pageants and Minstrel Shows during political imprisonment by the FDR administration during WWII by Malia McAndrews: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/536560/summary -The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime and the Making of Modern Urban America by Khalil Gibran Muhammad -Search for articles on the history behind yellow peril movement and Richard Aoki, an FBI Informant who infiltrated the Black Panther Party in the 60s -Note on Marxism: Engels' father owned a factory and Marx was white and didn’t understand that capitalism is always racialized like Cedric Robinson and Dr. Ruth Wilson Gilmore talk about - check the book out if you want, there are some goods in Marx’s Capital Illustrated by David Smith -Lisa Simpson and Samaria Rice Official Statement: https://www.wearyourvoicemag.com/official-statement-from-samaria-rice-mother-of-tamir-rice-lisa-simpson-mother-of-richard-risher-and-the-collective/ How to Support Samaria and Lisa: Cashapp-$SamariaRice Cashapp: $lisalee693 Support Tamir Rice Foundation/Tamir Rice Afrocentric Cultural Center in Cleveland, OH Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC) Seattle Massage Parlor Outreach Project (MPOP) List of Black Owned Bookstores: https://nonamebooks.com/Bookstores Zora's Daughters Podcast: https://zorasdaughters.com/ Music by Benjamin Earl Turner-Apathy Happy Editors Note: Both Jimmy Fallon and Jimmy Kimmel wore Blackface

I know because my fascist government that sends its CIA to destabilize other countries it criticizes for not being democracies in bloody coups that kill millions of innocents all over the world while waging genocide against Black people for over 3 centuries while begging me to send $3 to a white cis man in order to save the country from another white cis man told me so...even though we don't have a direct election method and I actually vote for another random person in my state to vote for me--not the president. See you November 4th (InshAllah). Crystal Mason--A Black femme put in jail for a vote that didn't count:https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/20/crystal-mason-texas-upholds-sentence-voter-suppression -The Electoral College's Racist Origins: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/electoral-college-racist-origins/601918/ -Nigeria and the movement to ENDSARS and ENDSWAT by Yinka Adegoke: https://www.google.com/amp/s/qz.com/africa/1925513/nigerias-endsars-protests-about-much-more-than-police-brutality/amp/ -No on Prop 22: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2020-11-02/prop-22-is-an-act-of-desperation-by-the-gig-economy-american-economic-liberties-project-video -No North Brooklyn Pipeline: https://www.saneenergy.org/nonbkpipeline -https://www.newsweek.com/just-36-percent-black-men-think-bidens-nominating-black-woman-vp-was-good-decision-1540670 https://www.vox.com/2020/8/18/21358913/19th-amendment-ratified-anniversary-women-suffrage-vote https://theconversation.com/whose-votes-count-the-least-in-the-electoral-college-74280 Russia: https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/07/05/opinions/russian-democracy-is-a-farce-kasparov/index.html Chilean Revolution, the CIA and Chile, the Chicago Boys by Yvette Montoya: https://hiplatina.com/what-is-happening-in-chile-is-a-revolution-not-a-protest-or-a-riot/ Chile Scrapping Pinochet-Era Constitution: https://www.npr.org/2020/10/26/927859270/chile-celebrates-voters-decision-to-scrap-constitution-start-over?utm_term=nprnews&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=npr&fbclid=IwAR2VoLUTrl5zTl7VN4PzNvhI9e5GjMgX6HsHe7Wc13V-C01eqUHIma_7kDs Ice Cube: https://thegrio.com/2020/10/28/ice-cube-explains-why-he-blew-off-call-with-kamala-harris/?fbclid=IwAR3RI2tU6ZJI6iWWfWkTuWdkaI__SevGbQVNXZdaHLcC-qE8DSsuboloMYE The Right to Vote and the Constitution: https://www.google.com/amp/s/theconversation.com/amp/the-right-to-vote-is-not-in-the-constitution-144531 NYPD Officers Blast “Trump 2020” over Loudspeaker in Brooklyn: https://www.newsweek.com/nypd-officers-blare-trump-2020-using-patrol-car-speakers-violation-code-1541965?fbclid=IwAR0mYk4YgF_BK0dO-xW3HqFhzanhBBwBsg7CsJrNMLXc_DW-4KXAtLhGD-U Voter Suppression:https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/kavanaugh-wisconsin-bush-gore/ US Ice Officers Torture Cameroonian Asylum Seekers: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/22/us-ice-officers-allegedly-used-torture-to-make-africans-sign-own-deportation-orders?fbclid=IwAR24s4e-uGD9LEWfeNEtPWIbs7jPtPtOLKBc_MMkusT8ahkMxwIox-ROkC4 -Joseph Buckley: Why the South Must Prevail: 1957.pdf">https://adamgomez.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/whythesouthmustprevail-1957.pdf -More on Electoral College: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/10/24/election-2020-what-electoral-college-who-picks-president/3734507001/ -https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/full-text From the Mouth of Abes (Lincoln): https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln3/1:20.1?rgn=div2;view=fulltext https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927878184/the-13-races-that-will-determine-senate-majority?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_term=nprnews&utm_campaign=npr&fbclid=IwAR2CwahUNLlmPyKqE5DOrb0OlheJYHM7Dv-EtSMMEMHsoUftBYncpav3QLw Povalikhino: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54338785 Music: Apathy Happy by Benjamin Earl Turner To monetarily support Hoodrat to Headwrap Venmo @Ericka-Hart or PayPal: ericka@ihartericka.com

And the Epsteins, the Michael Wolls, the Roger Stones, the Alexander Hamiltons, the David Starkeys, the Stephen Millers, the William Barrs, the Joe Biden's, the Tucker Carlsons, the Reed Hastings, Benjamin Netanyahus, Winston Churchills, FDRs, your non-profit executive director, maybe your partner, maybe you. There are so many names of white cis men who commit murder, spew anti-Black racism with impunity, collude with a white supremacist state to leverage the anti blackness inherent in our institutions--keeping Black people from access to capital that belongs to us in a country that we built, but also rendering the violence that happens to us invisible when these same white cis men RARELY lose their jobs (like being the President of this country) or face even the slightest consequences for the most egregious offenses from "white collar" crimes, environmental degradation and genocide. Black has somehow become synonymous with "crime", our deaths ruled "accidental" "misunderstandings" up for debate--after all, when a white person says or does something racist, they get a pre-written apology, a vacation, it's said they need a racial and social justice workshop, to read white fragility written by a fragile white person, all while keeping their same level of privilege, power and financial standing. Meanwhile, Black people meet the ultimate, permanent cancellation for far less. It's about time we "Say their names"...before they say ours. Can you name white people who have caused harm? Or do you only have the names of those who experienced it? Breonna Taylor: c23b-11ea-bc8a-c75a4606a8f7.html">https://www.wdrb.com/in-depth/fired-lmpd-detective-told-to-relax-before-raid-on-breonna-taylor-s-home-colleague-says/article_d5ed15c4-c23b-11ea-bc8a-c75a4606a8f7.html Highly Recommended Reading: Alex Acosta x Jeffrey Epstein: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article220097825.html White Celebs Blackface: https://www.thewrap.com/stars-blackface-blunders-ted-danson-kylie-jenner-jimmy-fallon/ White and Rich While the World Gets Sick: https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/15/891318651/its-nice-to-be-rich-big-banks-are-raking-in-profits-in-the-stock-market?utm_term=nprnews&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=npr&fbclid=IwAR0VTC1tXitYtnRkkNo81YPFsSysqfSVCpCq0GmjHE4G11JI4mrZYKxCImo 87 Protestors Charged for Protesting Breonna Taylor's Murder, but Not 1 Officer who Committed the Murder has been: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/87-arrested-outside-kentucky-ags-house-during-breonna-taylor-protest/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=news_tab&utm_content=algorithm&fbclid=IwAR2KaMFkFgblERtfZI8Cz1nzef1RX9jDLFrNbKG6R_ZX8VLI70UPe_LEudM#app Tucker Carlson Goes on Vacation like Most Anti-Black White People Do: https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/13/media/tucker-carlson-ex-staffer-posts/index.html https://www.propublica.org/article/a-teenager-didnt-do-her-online-schoolwork-so-a-judge-sent-her-to-juvenile-detention?fbclid=IwAR2_KCu_MFLqwhOPUF_Xl6ejna5Ri6fM5CJn7RgOx_F6Gr4YEpYywukxJjg https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2020/jul/02/david-starkey-widely-criticised-for-saying-slavery-was-not-genocide?fbclid=IwAR10qN6lg3Jsy1OfTIGidU9Ku3y4eGTo_nK2eCKvQ1BPYcFi1CxysrLKreg Latinidad: https://remezcla.com/features/culture/when-it-comes-to-latinidad-who-is-included-and-who-isnt/ Hamilton: Follow @comiteboricua on IG to learn more about Luis A. Miranda, Lin Manuel Miranda’s father, and the continued destabilization of PR White cis man financial crimes: confesses-to-ponzi-scheme.html">https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/21/business/hoffenberg-confesses-to-ponzi-scheme.html Netflix countering Monique’s ongoing discrimination lawsuit against them: https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/thr-esq/netflix-blasts-moniques-retaliation-claim-as-nonsensical-discrimination-dispute-1269315 Frank Wills/Watergate: 3552-591b-9b96-bdfce7bfb325.html">https://www.phillytrib.com/commentary/black-watergate-hero-still-gets-no-respect/article_19c3cb2f-3552-591b-9b96-bdfce7bfb325.html Music: Apathy Happy by Benjamin Earl Turner