Late last year, the CSIS Commission on Strengthening America's Health Security released its final report on ending the cycle of crisis and complacency in U.S. global health security. This miniseries of Take as Directed will delve into the detail of some of the Commission's recommendations. In this second episode of the miniseries, Steve talks with Ambassador Jimmy Kolker, former assistant secretary for global affairs at the US Department of Health and Human Services and a member of the Commission; and Carolyn Reynolds, senior associate at the Center. They discuss trends in global investment in health security, how countries have been preparing themselves for an outbreak, and the Commission’s recommendation that the World Bank establish a Pandemic Preparedness Challenge, that could incentivize countries to invest in their own preparedness.