In this episode, Scott shares some thoughts on the Ford CEO saying that the mining and refining of batteries and the battery supply chain is the limiting factor in producing more EVs. The four key minerals are lithium, cobalt, graphite and nickel, most of which is mined overseas. Then most of the refining happens in China. So most of the mining and processing is done overseas. See “Ford CEO on EV transition-Batteries are the key constraint”. Grace O’Donnell. Ford’s stock is down 31% over the last year and it projects to lose $3 billion this year on electric vehicles.