This is episode 39 called Towards the Caliphate of Córdoba and in this episode you will learn: SHOW NOTES - The victorious Cordoban campaign of Muez as a punitive expedition against León and Pamplona - The Pamplonese conquest of La Rioja in 923, including Nájera, along the incorporation of the County of Aragon - The destructive punitive campaign of 924 against Pamplona (and to extend Umayyad authority in al-Andalus) and how Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona minimized the potential damage - Why Abd al-Rahman III’s campaigns against the Christian north didn’t involve conquests and colonizations - The death of Ordoño II and the brief succession of Fruela II, followed by a succession crisis and civil war in the Kingdom of León - The death of Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona, first ruler of the Jimena dynasty, and his successor and six-year-old son García Sánchez - The brutal Umayyad campaigns against the Hafsunids and the fall of Bobastro, representing the near end of the fitna of the Emirate of Córdoba - The external and domestic reasons that explain the proclamation of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929 - The surrender of Mérida, Badajoz and Toledo, leaving only Zaragoza as the last city that had yet to really submit to Abd al-Rahman III’s authority - The Umayyad-Fatimid rivalry and the Umayyad intervention in North Africa between the 920s and the 950s - The abdication of Alfonso IV of León, followed by a civil war between Ramiro II of León and other members of the royal dynasty - A reflection on the nature of the proclamation of the Caliphate of Córdoba