SUMMARY

Wrapping up 2016 with words from the past year and some newsy limericks. Bigly and Brexit were on lots of lips this year, as well as an increasingly popular Danish word that means "cozy." Also, Quiz Guy John Chaneski sums up the year in newsy limericks about movies, science, and the Nobel Prize. Finally, an old term takes on new currency: To "gaslight" someone means to make them doubt their own perceptions. This term for malevolent manipulation was by inspired 1944 film about a psychologically abusive husband. Also, Flee Fly Flo, Latinx, woke, alte kacker, boodler, and to be honest with you.

FULL DETAILS

Words of the Year for 2016 include bigly, a mishearing of big-league; the-danish-way-learning-about-hygge.html?_r=0"> hygge, a Danish word that has to do with coziness; and Brexit, a portmanteau that denotes the exit of Britain from the European Union.

Flee Fly Flo is a camp song, and like other songs passed along orally, it has lots of variations, and often includes rhythmic hand-clapping. In her book Camp Songs, Folk Songs, Patricia Averill suggests the roots of this camp favorite may be in scat singing.

The term Latinx, pronounced Lah-TEEN-ex, gained traction in 2016 as a gender-neutral, non-binary alternative to Latino and Latina.

What does a person really mean when she starts a statement with To be honest with you? It's important not to take such expressions too literally.

Unfortunately, one Word of the Year candidate for 2016 is Zika, the is-zika-virus.html"> name of the mosquito-borne virus linked to devastating birth defects.

What's an end-of-the-year episode without Quiz Guy John Chaneski's limericks about words in the news?

A listener in Tampa, Florida, was discussing the 2016 presidential election when the term gaslighted came up. Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which victims are manipulated into doubting their own perceptions. The term was popularized by the 1944 movie Gaslight, starring Charles Boyer and Ingrid Berman, in which a creepy husband makes his wife doubt what she's seeing with her own eyes, including the dimming and brightening of gas-powered lamps in their home.

A caller who grew up in rural Pennsylvania remembers being asked as a child Are you being have? instead of Are you behaving? Being have, with a long a sound, results from what linguists call reanalysis. It occurs when someone mistakenly applies the pattern of such expressions as be still and be careful to the word behave.

The webster.com/words-at-play/woke-meaning-origin"> slang term woke, as in being woke or stay woke, arose among African-Americans to refer to being aware of social injustice or racial tension.

Although in English we have the terms orphan, widow, and widower, our language lacks a single word that means "bereaved parent." A few other languages have a word for this, including Hebrew sh'khol and is-vilomah.html">Sanskrit vilomah.

Listeners respond to our earlier conversation about ending a telephone call with 'Mmm-bye.

A caller in Fort Laramie, Wyoming, refers to a roadside ditch as a borrow pit, as if the dirt dug from it was "borrowed" to form the raised surface of the road. The more common term is barrow pit, deriving from barrow, meaning "mound."

A San Diego, California, listener recalls that when asked "How's it going?" his father would often respond Same old six and eight. It may be a variation of the British expression same old seven and six, meaning "seven shillings and sixpence," a once-common total for the cost of some types of government-issued licenses.

Holiday is an old term for a spot missed when painting or wiping a surface. It's mentioned in Grose's 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue.

Responding to our conversation about concluding a phone call with 'Mmm-bye, a listener offers an example of a funny telephone greeting: 'Nyello!

A Tallahassee, Florida, listener heard an interview in which actor William H. Macy referred to old cockers, apparetly meaning "old fellows." Although one meaning of cocker is "pal," Macy was probably alluding to the Yiddish alte kacker, or alter kacker, meaning "old man." It's sometimes abbreviated AK, and literally translates as "old person who defecates."

A boodler is someone involved in political graft or corruption. The word likely derives from Dutch boedel, meaning "property."

This episode was hosted by Martha Barnette and Grant Barrett and produced by Stefanie Levine.