For more than 300 years, nation-states dominated international conflict and shaped world order. They used all the instruments they had to make the rules that best served their interests. The big powers were the rule-makers and the rest of us were rule-takers.

Two decades ago, digital technologies started to shake up that long-standing system. In 2012, the US government acknowledged that it had used these technologies to disrupt the Iranian nuclear program, and Russia and China conducted massive cyber-espionage operations. Cyberspace became a primary battlefield.

To make matters worse, cyber attackers often hide behind proxies and leave digital footprints that are difficult to identify. Many of the latest technologies are now in the hands of big companies who have interests that differ from those in government.  Almost all our critical infrastructure is vulnerable to attack. The world order, as cybersecurity expert Adam Segal tells us, is well and truly hacked.