Like many of our episodes, this topic drives our hosts to use some salty language. Use your best judgment if you're listening near someone with tender ears. Hike up your trousers and throw on some long socks. We’re getting into the weeds on this one. Ben and Gillian discuss the digitization of our healthcare system and its far-reaching impacts on data privacy and patient health outcomes. We trace the rise of Electronic Health Record (EHR) management systems and the corresponding $13-billion-per-year industry that emerged in the wake of the Affordable Care Act. Electronic systems that were meant to “modernize” the healthcare industry have actually led to rampant inefficiency, inflated costs, and negative health outcomes for patients. Big Healthcare and Big Tech - it’s a match made in hell! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSvDBcGItTk&t=1272s Show Notes History of Electronic Health Records Prior to the ACA, the HITECH Act (Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health - part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) created huge financial incentives for providers to transfer to EHRs. Incentives worked - in 2008, 9% of hospitals used EHRs; in 2019, 96% of hospitals use EHRs. Medical data underwent a massive transformation after the passage of the ACA in 2010. Under the ACA, the federal government invested around $36 billion to incentivize creation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems. The intent was to modernize and “digitize” healthcare industry by improving patient access to information, coordinating care, and reducing disparity between healthcare providers by providing access to information. Now, more healthcare data is being collected than ever before, but the systems for actually MANAGING that data are a huge mess. Digitization could have created a much more efficient system - if it had been centralized, as it is in countries where they have a single-payer healthcare system. Many countries that have single-payer healthcare systems also have one universal electronic records system. Instead of one streamlined system for managing medical records, a myriad of different EHR “vendors” flooded the market post-ACA, resulting in a patchwork, Frankenstein system where there are many different databases holding people’s medical records, none of which are interoperable. This is massively infuriating, inefficient, and bad for patients. Just ask Joe Biden - he agrees! “At a 2017 meeting with health care leaders in Washington, he railed against the infuriating challenge of getting his son Beau’s medical records from one hospital to another. ‘I was stunned when my son for a year was battling stage 4 glioblastoma,’ said Biden. ‘I couldn’t get his records. I’m the vice president of the United States of America.  … It was an absolute nightmare. It was ridiculous, absolutely ridiculous, that we’re in that circumstance.'" Why are American EHRs so bad? In countries with national health programs EHRs are built to drive better quality care. In the American healthcare system, EHRs' #1 priority is driving profits. This means that EHRs were not created to support many of the things that physicians, patients, and policymakers value: better care experiences, reduced costs, or improved care quality and population health management. They were not created to make physicians better diagnosticians or more cost-effective prescribers. The reason: our health care system has mostly not rewarded these activities. They have not been mission-critical for providers or, therefore, EHR designers.  What are the negative effects that digitization/EHRs have on patients and physicians? Clinician busywork: In one study, physicians reported that they spend 4.5 hours per day completing electronic health records - time that could be spending tending to patients. Opportunity for fraud: EHRs are really optimized for billing, NOT for patient care,