Surgery has been performed throughout ancient history to varying levels of success. In this episode, we cover a brief history of surgery sound the world, as well as some specific techniques like trepanation and blood letting. Additionally we discuss several examples of surgery in the archaeological record. Interested in learning about how to use X-Rays and similar technology in archaeology? Check out the linked PaleoImaging course from James Elliot! [https://www.paleoimaging.com/about-the-paleoradiography-course] Connect with James on Twitter: @paleoimaging [https://twitter.com/Paleoimaging] Start your own podcast with Zencastr and get 30% off your first three months with code TAS. Click this message for more information. [https://zencastr.com/pricing?coupon=TAS&fpr=bgfoz] Links * 5,300-Year-Old Skull Offers Earliest Known Evidence of Ear Surgery [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/5300-year-old-skull-offers-earliest-known-evidence-of-ear-surgery-180979636/] * This 3,000-Year-Old Wooden Toe Shows Early Artistry of Prosthetics [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-reveals-secrets-ancient-cairo-toe-180963783/] * The Historical Timeline of Surgery [https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-history-of-surgery-timeline-3157332] * Hippocrates, Galen, and the uses of trepanation in the ancient classical world [https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/23/1/foc-07_07_e11.xml] * Edwin Smith papyrus [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwin-Smith-papyrus] * 7 Native American Inventions That Revolutionized Medicine And Public Health [https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolefisher/2020/11/29/7-native-american-inventions-that-revolutionized-medicine-and-public-health/] * Technology in America: A Brief History [https://books.google.com/books?dq=syringe%20bird%20bone%20native%20american&hl=en&id=FlBUDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA4&ots=AkirAUDoJe&pg=PA4&sa=X&sig=ACfU3U2vwqJPaJBtfwCs11Z_Gc0YRhCjaA&source=bl&ved=2ahUKEwjX88_dltjlAhXNslkKHUUWBDcQ6AEwGnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=syringe%20bird%20bone%20native%20american&f=false] * Metal plate fused to 2,000-year-old Peruvian warrior's skull proof of early surgery [https://nationalpost.com/news/world/metal-plate-fused-on-2000-year-old-peruvian-warriors-skull-is-earliest-evidence-of-surgery] * Evidence of brain surgery 4,000 years ago [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/21/artsandhumanities.arts] * A Hole in the Head: A History of Trepanation [https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/hole-in-the-head-trepanation/] Contact * Chris Webster * chris@archaeologypodcastnetwork.com ArchPodNet * APN Website: https://www.archpodnet.com [https://www.archpodnet.com/] * APN on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/archpodnet * APN on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/archpodnet * APN on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/archpodnet * Tee Public Store [https://www.teepublic.com/stores/archaeology-podcast-network?ref_id=5724] Affiliates * Wildnote [http://www.wildnoteapp.com/] * TeePublic [https://www.teepublic.com/?ref_id=5724&ref_type=aff] * Timeular [https://timeular.com/ref/chriswebster/]